మూస:ఇనుము మూలకము

ఇనుము, ₀₀Fe
ఇనుము
Pronunciation	/ˈaɪərn/
Allotropes	see Allotropes of iron
Appearance	lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Fe)
	55.845±0.002; 55.845±0.002 (abridged);
ఇనుము in the periodic table
	మాంగనీస్ ← ఇనుము → కోబాల్ట్
Group	మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d6 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 14, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1811 K (1538 °C, 2800 °F)
Boiling point	3134 K (2862 °C, 5182 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	7.874 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	6.98 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	13.81 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	340 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.10 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.83
Ionization energies	(more);
Atomic radius	empirical: 126 pm
Covalent radius	132±3 (low spin), 152±6 (high spin) pm
	Spectral lines of ఇనుము
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	body-centered cubic (bcc) ; a=286.65 pm;
Speed of sound thin rod	(electrolytic); 5120 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	11.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	80.4 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	96.1 n Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	ferromagnetic
Young's modulus	211 GPa
Shear modulus	82 GPa
Bulk modulus	170 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.29
Mohs hardness	4
Vickers hardness	608 MPa
Brinell hardness	490 MPa
CAS Number	7439-89-6
History
Discovery	before 5000 BC
Symbol	"Fe": from Latin ferrum
Isotopes of ఇనుము v; e;
	Template:infobox ఇనుము isotopes does not exist
	Category: ఇనుము; view; talk; edit; \| references

References

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Iron". CIAAW. 1993.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (2003). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g⁴Δ–a⁴Δ system of FeCl". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 221 (2): 261. Bibcode:2003JMoSp.221..261R. doi:10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X.
↑ Demazeau, G.; Buffat, B.; Pouchard, M.; Hagenmuller, P. (1982). "Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of six-coordinated Iron(V)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 491: 60–66. doi:10.1002/zaac.19824910109.
↑ Lu, J.; Jian, J.; Huang, W.; Lin, H.; Li, J; Zhou, M. (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO₄⁻". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577.
↑ Demazeau, G.; Buffat, B.; Pouchard, M.; Hagenmuller, P. (1982). "Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of Six-coordinated Iron(V)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 491: 60. doi:10.1002/zaac.19824910109.
↑ Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (2003). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g⁴Δ-a⁴Δ system of FeCl" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 221 (2): 261. Bibcode:2003JMoSp.221..261R. doi:10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Iron". CIAAW. 1993.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[3] Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (2003). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g⁴Δ–a⁴Δ system of FeCl". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 221 (2): 261. Bibcode:2003JMoSp.221..261R. doi:10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X.

[4] Demazeau, G.; Buffat, B.; Pouchard, M.; Hagenmuller, P. (1982). "Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of six-coordinated Iron(V)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 491: 60–66. doi:10.1002/zaac.19824910109.

[5] Lu, J.; Jian, J.; Huang, W.; Lin, H.; Li, J; Zhou, M. (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO₄⁻". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577.

[6] Demazeau, G.; Buffat, B.; Pouchard, M.; Hagenmuller, P. (1982). "Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of Six-coordinated Iron(V)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 491: 60. doi:10.1002/zaac.19824910109.

[7] Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (2003). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g⁴Δ-a⁴Δ system of FeCl" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 221 (2): 261. Bibcode:2003JMoSp.221..261R. doi:10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X.

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